Preventable Multisystem Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Glycemic Control, Antidiabetic Pharmacotherapy, Biochemical Markers, Treatment Adherence, Preventive Screening and Healthcare Access

Abstract

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of preventable cardiovascular, renal, ophthalmological and neurological complications. Effective prevention requires adequate glycemic control, appropriate antidiabetic pharmacotherapy, regular biochemical monitoring, medication adherence, timely screening and access to healthcare services. Deficiencies in these areas contribute to delayed diagnosis, disease progression and avoidable morbidity. Objective: To assess glycemic control, antidiabetic pharmacotherapy, biochemical markers, treatment adherence, preventive screening practices and healthcare access among adults with T2DM. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at JPMC for adults with established Type 2 diabetes melitus. Data was collected using structured interviews, clinical records, laboratory investigations, medication histories and screening records. Variables include demographic characteristics, diabetes duration, HbA1c, BMI, comorbidities, antidiabetic regimens, treatment adherence, biochemical monitoring, complication screening and barriers to healthcare access. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses was performed by using SPSS 22.0, with multivariable regression applied where appropriate. Results: The study included 200 participants, the mean age was 54.8±10.6 years, 58% had HbA1c ≥7%. Overweight or obesity, defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m², was present in 66%, while hypertension affected 59%. Oral antidiabetic agents were used by 73% and insulin by 19%; treatment categories could overlap. Regular HbA1c monitoring was recorded in 77%, renal screening in 61% and retinal screening in approximately 57.5%. Conclusion: Glycemic control and preventive screening play an important role for evaluation in routine diabetes care. A comprehensive assessment of medication adherence, appropriate pharmacotherapy, biochemical monitoring and healthcare access help in identification of opportunities to reduce preventable diabetes-related complications.